Im planning to make a thesis, the role of women in advancing the field of economics. That includes women in the academic field and those who are in the non-academic field.

Can you suggest any methodology or framework that i can use?

Thank you so much..

Hi, I have just completed my dissertation of M.Phil. I was in the problem of finding a sample thesis and also was in problem of designing and composing it. I did not know how to design and compose and prepare it because my guide was not good enough. Then I found the website www.mythesis.we.bs I found that that is a wonderful Thesis information place. I read some information there. A thesis package is also available there. I downloaded this thesis package. It was containing One Complete Thesis + a resentation and a lot of Information on how to make dissertation or thesis. I keep the Sample Thesis in front of me and completed my own thesis very easily. You must visist at that site and download that package as its really useful and helpful. You will be able to prepare your dissertation or thesis within few days. May be that sample thesis becomes your own thesis by making only few changes. The site is www.mythesis.we.bs All the best dear…

Analysis of Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Shahid Shehzad Bajwa

Pakistan Air Force-Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology

shahidshehzad_321@hotmail.com

Abstract

This paper investigates into the routing protocols in ad hoc wireless networks. Performance, quality-of-service, security, and power management failure cause the packet losses, delay variation and illegal authorization in ad hoc wireless networks. To handle these issues, different protocols have been proposed such as: battery-aware routing protocol, cooperative anomaly detection protocols, and a list of available protocol proficient to detect and trim down congestions.

Key words: routing protocols, security, power management, QoS

Introduction

Ad hoc wireless network is very sensitive network as it has no fixed infrastructure; there fore vulnerable possessions routing protocols must be evaluated escalating the number of nodes in network. Nodes are free to move independently and this movement should be settled down quickly. Routing is the processes of moving information in the form of packets across a network from a node-to-node. Routing protocols use metrics to evaluate the best promising path for the packet to reach on destination. Routers are the devices that route the packet on the network. They also maintain route information that helps in influencing the best path to various destinations. They are responsible to change information and to find a feasible path to destination with the help of hop length, power required (minimum or maximum), life time of wireless link, and utilize bandwidth type of information. Routing protocols must be durable to terrorization and vulnerabilities such as; resource consumption, denial-of-service, delay, packet delivery ratio and similar attacks possible against an ad hoc wireless network. Performance, security, quality-of-service, power management, reliability, and scalability are the major areas to provide good service. This paper discusses to widen curiosity in getting new concepts of routing protocols in ad hoc wireless networks. It is categorized in four classes with issues and their approaches: performance and methodologies, security and quality-of-service, and power management.

Issues and Problems

Routing protocol should be able to provide a certain level of quality-of-service in ad hoc wireless network as demanded by the nodes such as the parameters of quality-of-service can be throughput, packet delivery ratio, jitter, and supporting differentiated class of service. Node mobility, multicasting consumes high energy [1, 2]; large synchronization and multi-path forwarding increases the probability of duplication of messages [5] at large-scale replication.

Resource consumption, denial-of-service, information discloser, buffer overflow, interference and lake of central co-ordination make wireless network more vulnerable. Due to no central infrastructure, attackers attempt to break security and get authentication /authorization. Security can be weakened from lopsided target detection. Irregularity and non-secure protocols that based on On-demand Distance vector over IP V6 in wireless network cause the overcrowding and increase malicious nodes, attackers achieve their target. 

Real time applications require a high energy to maintain performance where source and destination keep changing at every time. Major issues are power management, packet losses, security attacks and similarities in applications that decrease the performance. By the interruption of some selfish nodes, the establishment of a routing process to sends packets from source to destination, and during communication in ad hoc wireless network multicasting of addresses decreases total packet delivery.

Power management can be controlled significantly by utilizing the intelligent devices. Management designed routing protocol should be energy-efficient having good comprehension of network topologies. Some or all of the mobile nodes operate on batteries, for transmission communication applications need high energy [16]. Irregularity of message sequence of high density, like “hello packets”, consumes high energy due to short life of nodes. Forwarding of query based message end-to-end delay also consumes high energy in ad hoc wireless networks.

Approaches and Methodologies

Different routing protocols are active in wireless network pasture with intelligence properties. These abilities make network protected against attackers. As discussed above each application has different requirements to negotiate between host and network. It’s important to maintain quality-of-service on a per node level, per link, per flow of data in network, thus it is essential to have better coordination between source and destination to achieve quality-of-service. A Local Broad Clustering (LBC) and Call Hash Table routing protocol reduce the high-energy consumption from nodes and increase the communication range of nodes, also enhance the network life [4]. In other routing protocols, Multi-cost, Multiple description mechanism, Quality-of-service aware and Quality-of-service framework is active to achieve quality-of-service in ad hoc wireless networks.

Wireless network has been continued source of security breaches/flaws due to the nature of radio frequency transmission where everyone can receive the broadcast message. Protocols have been proven to be inadequate to today’s security. In proposed protocols, Random walk-based On-demand routing protocol handles the issues of distributed authentication.

To provide and maintain a high performance, different architecture and protocols have been implemented. The proposed architecture of swarm intelligent multi-path routing protocol reduces congestion and increases performance by taking action against packet loss, transmission delay, delay variation, and different intrusions [11]. Best route discovery and data transmission can be achieved with COMMIT protocol, which is based on the Visualization tool for Compiler Graph (VCG) and can, read a textual and readable specification of a graph and visualize the graph. It is the best protocol for the rout discovery. Other protocols, namely Periodic Hello Protocol (PHP), Adaptive Hello Protocol (AHP) and Reactive Protocol (RP) reduce congestion in network to increase performance in ad hoc wireless network.

Each node in wireless network participates in two kinds of activities, sending and receiving messages. Especially, hello messages consumes large amount of power. Requests can be set on priorities by using Prioritized Battery Aware routing protocol, allowing some routing connections having high priority and assigning power according to their rations. Another max-min routing protocol also performs same functions by reducing the irregularity of message sequence. It uses the distributed sensors to monitors large geographical areas as grid of computation. The most commonly used batteries in wireless devices are nickel-cadmium and lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in laptops, cellular phones, PDAs, tablet PCs and other portable computing and communication devices. In the figure a complete processes of battery usage have been illustrated [16]. In figure (a) battery is showing a full charged state as well as the load increasing or node moving from source to destination battery starting to discharge (b).Battery voltage drops, it starts recovery (c). After recovering it gets stable again (d). In final session (e), (f) stage of battery dies with discharging loss and battery dies without discharging loss are shown. Other routing protocols such as: energy aware, ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Directional Local Recovery (DLR), and Dynamic Power Management (DPM) are also able to diminish power consumption.

Future work

As a future work security related factors and fragile scenarios will be considered and tested on the subject of the system effectiveness. A resource-efficient detection model will be investigated to improve performance in ad hoc wireless network.

Conclusion

In ad hoc wireless networks, quality of service, security, performance and power management are achieved by routing protocols. Actually, it is very sensitive service. That’s way it is difficult to maintain routing protocols. Outlay of data is more then a billons there fore, it need more sanctuary and solitude. Security attacks form intruders who try to attempt authentication, authorization, and damage the data which leads to poor quality of service, pitiable performance, and extra utilization of power management. Routing protocols provides best solutions by using efficient routing mechanism.

References

1. 2. Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks
   Found in: Sixth IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM’05), By Panagiotis C. Kokkinos, Christos A. Papageorgiou , Emmanouel A. Varvarigos. Issue Date: June 2005, pp. 306-311
2. 11. A swarm intelligent multi-path routing for multimedia traffic over mobile ad hoc networks Found in: Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Quality of service & security in wireless and mobile networks (Q2SWinet ‘05), By Saida Ziane , Abdelhamid Melouk, Issue Date: October 2005, pp. 620-626 
3. 12. COMMIT: A Sender-Centric Truthful and Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks with Selfish Nodes Found in: 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS’05) – Workshop 12, By Stephan Eidenbenz , Giovanni Resta , Paolo Santi Issue Date: April 2005, pp. 239b 

4. A QoS Multicast Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
   Found in: International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC’05) – Volume II, By Li Layuan , Li Chunlin, Issue Date: April 2005, pp. 609-614 

5. Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile and Wireless Ad hoc Networks
   Found in: 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN’03), By Azzedine Boukerche, Harold Owens II, Issue Date: October 2003 pp. 768 

6. 19. Power Management in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Using AODV
   Found in: Sixth International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing and First ACIS International Workshop on Self-Assembling Wireless Networks (SNPD/SAWN’05), By Liang Cheng , Anu G. Bourgeois , Bo Hyun Yu, Issue Date: May 2005, pp. 436-443 

Shahid Shehzad
http://www.articlesbase.com/networks-articles/analysis-of-routing-protocols-for-ad-hoc-wireless-networks-729546.html

Please let me know if you have any idea and thanks for reading!

New economic anomalie – Benign deflation (falling prices due to falling percentage of fixed costs to actual end price. Constant demand for a product gives the producer of the product the ability to produce it in greater quantity while keeping fixed overhead prices the same. Thus, the producer can offer the product at a lower price.) could be your economic principle at work in the future.

As it applies to healthcare, the competition of government subsidized healthcare at reduced cost would drive most customers to the least expensive care. giving more HC professionals the incentive to join the govt. program. This lowers the cost to the govt. to attract these professionals which lets them reduce costs further which attracts more customers from the private sector which makes it more difficult for the private HC providers to make a profit which drives them into the arms of the govt. which drops costs further which attracts more customers and so on and so forth until it becomes commonplace for people to use govt. HC and it pretty much becomes a part of our society except for the very wealthy. Govt HC will be better quality and the need for private insurance will be next no nil, thus reducing it’s cost and it can better focus it’s resources on quality of care.

Recently, one of the Network News agencies, has chosen to warm our hearts with a new Series “the Other America”. The content is good. Overall the series is supposedly a Media example of their “sensitivity”. In reality it’s an example of their elitism, blinded by daily life, lack of understanding of what life is to millions and millions of Americans. The series is as enigmatic to the people it is profiling as is the plight of the majority of Americans to 99.9% of all politicians. “the Other American” being reported on is America! The media, the politicians, and most of upper-middle class America, are… really… the “Other America”. The only class that is constantly growing in the U.S. any longer, is, the “poor”.

There is a very great consensus in the “more fortunate” America, that Welfare recipients are the representation of poverty. Hogwash. People on Welfare programs get cash subsidy, food stamps, and some of the best health care available. Just because they may not have a car… does not make them the “Poor”! In most areas they also get bus passes. They qualify for subsidized housing because they have a reliable payday with a consistent amount, every month, and… they wear out a lot of TV’s!

As of late, there has been some exposure, still not enough though, of the fact that there is an America, a very, very large America, that is Generationally locked in an income bracket that is too high for money from government assistance programs, but not enough to have what people at that Network, employed by Government agencies, and in that News Agency take for granted everyday. The parents and children in these families don’t go to the Dentist… they eat handfuls of Aspirin and swipe a tube of Ora-Gel from the drug store. In a dire situation, they go to the hospital emergency and wait for 4… 6… 8… 20 hours, using the ER as their “clinic” to get their temperature taken and a prescription for an anti-biotic. They don’t actually get the anti-biotic, though. They go home and have to make an appointment at the qualification program for being determined to be medically indigent. That appointment is usually 3 to 14 days away. By the time they could get this done, they feel well enough to forego the sitting and waiting at yet one more place. Or… they’re now so sick that they have to return to the ER and now they are triaged and the ER administers the medicine that they needed 2 or 3 weeks ago. Sometimes… they just die! No medicine wasted, huh? This class works… puts in a week that should support them, but doesn’t. They are not going to the Food Bank, no way are they going to take handouts. So… they eat a diet really full of beans, potatoes, eggs and bread products. But they don’t have to ask for a handout. Why should they, most of them have a job? As life progresses they become overweight, often developing hypertension and diabetes, and never knowing that, that is why they feel crummy so often. For most of them recreation involves beer. Watching sports on TV and going to the park don’t have admission fees. In the summer, if they are lucky enough for there to still be no fees charged, they go to the river or lake for “cool” recreation. If they live in a city, they usually just have a back yard BBQ and a wading pool, a slip-n-slide, or a water hose and sprinkler. What’s “air conditioning”? Can’t afford to pay the power company even if they have it… a fan keeps them from being overcome by heat prostration, sometimes. They’re used to this stuff, though. They may wish it were different, but have to learn not to live above their means. They have a pretty decent used car, but don’t drive it any more than necessary because they can’t afford to pay for insurance, and if they get pulled over, most places these days, their car will get impounded or confiscated. There’s not much time for helping the kids with homework, so they don’t do especially well in school, and end up working somewhere similar to where mom and dad work. Their children are going to do the same thing, too. Unless…

“Man, if I could sell that “Crank” and not use it, I could bust out of this place.” We know that seldom works!

“Heh, those “Arian Boys” that hang out down at the old plant take care of each other. They got some things ‘goin’ on’, and always have money. They hardly ever do any of that race stuff everybody says they do.” Oh… Yeah… they do; just not in the daylight!

“I took a hit off of a joint for the first time the other day” the 12-year-old says. “… and it made me laugh and forget about dad hittin’ mom in the face.” Twelve is the average age kids first use Marijuana now. Crank is just over the horizon!

“Heh Joe, I know that Pot isn’t going to get me hooked. I’ve been smokin’ it since I was twelve” the 14-year-old says. “Why don’t ya let me have a taste of your Heroin? Just once won’t hurt anything, I’m sure.” The average user who likes the “down” from Heroin can get psychologically hooked in two or three weeks, using 3 to 5 times a week. I’ve seen people try Meth and start using every day… starting with the 1st trial run!

Three 15-year-olds that have been hanging out together since 3rd Grade are sitting on the block wall in front of the Clinic on a warm summer evening, wishing they had the money to go see a movie, or get Arnie to buy them some beer. Bill says, “See that hall, right behind us, in the Clinic?” Tasha and Geraldo reply, “Yeah!” “Well,” Bill says, “there’s a window that is always open, and the supply room is on the other side of it! You know what’s in there, huh?” Oh yeah, they simultaneously reply. Bill says, “I’ve walked up there and pushed on it and no alarm went off. I don’t think there’s one on it, and I could fit through there, easy!” Geraldo asks, “You think we could get some money for something in there, easy?” Tasha says, “No problem! My brother knows some dudes who’ll buy almost anything, and sell it for some profit. That’s what they do!” There’s an alarm. It’s a sensor on the windowsill, not the window. If they were to get away with it, it would just make the next time easier to move on. If not, as young as they are, first offenses usually don’t cost much. But, either way, there’s a good chance that this kind of thinking is the beginning of an anti-social lifestyle, because of their environment and financial status. Anyway, it’s probably just the beginning of thinking that results from desperation and predictably low expectations. Even if they don’t turn toward crime as a future, but are dissuaded by consequences, a low paying job is often their future, as was the fate of their primary role models. If they do become Addicts and go to Prison behind a felony conviction, one new door will open… Drug Treatment. Sad but true, in most States that is the only access to funded treatment, that is far to expensive for most Addicts or their families. Bush’s vouchers are a joke, intended to subsidize “Faith based programs”. Separation of Church and State? No, and few Addicts are able to adjust to them as a 24-hour-a-day way of life. The streets don’t inspire much faith in anything!

These American that are America, feel fortunate to move from an $8/hr job into one that will eventually peak at $15/hr with no benefits. For these really common, everyday Americans Social Security is the light-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel. There isn’t going to be a 401K, stocks or bonds. … just Social Security, and finally health care will be in their reach, too. This is not “the Other America”. It is America. Notice that no one mentioned here owns a home? The death of the American Dream is not a recent phenomenon.

Children of these families are many of those fighting Bush’s War. It’s a shot at getting out! We all know by looking at the VA hospitals that, that’s no done deal! Find out how many Senators or Congressmen have children fighting the War in Iraq. Find out how many had children fighting in Vietnam. See how many families with two College educated parents, or even one, have children in Iraq. See how many UAW members, Electricians, College Professors, Doctors or Lawyers are Veterans.

These are the people who have nothing to really hold on to if Social Security is not stabilized and kept out of the privatization mode. These are the people whose faith in America could be reborn if they just found they could go to the doctor when they get sick. We know that there are about 40,000,000 of them if that News agency is accurate in their reporting. That’s no sure deal either, though, is it?

If we are not at an epic moment where the myth of the Free Market economic stabilization (trickle-down economics – Neo-Conservative philosophy) concept is finally realized to be at an end, and socialization of basic necessities for daily living is not implemented as a result… we may be at the end of a dream set forth in 1776. Capitalistic Democracy just may not work as a permanent philosophy for an entire culture. The American Dream may die because Capitalist greed will have alienated its workforce. As it is, the average working person has become the modern version of the Plantation Owner’s Slave. The lending agencies have replaced “the Company Store”! We’re kept just healthy enough to assure that the corporation’s product continues, but no longer well enough to be the best producers in the world. Quality was the backbone of American production, and the Unions kept up wages and helped workers realize the American Dream, as a result. Well may very well pertain to psychological fitness even more than physical fitness. Right now the problem is that the “Company Store” got so greedy that they loaned past the point where the “Slaves” could ever repay their debts. The debts are closing the Company Stores. The workers losing their jobs, no longer can even attempt to pay their irresolvable debt. The economy is stuck because greed has produced a broken link in the chain and it can’t hold up the system. No workers work, no product is produced, so there is no need for the company. So, after enough companies fade away an entire industry fades with them. America is in trouble and it’s big. As much as our leaders talk about mainstream America, they still don’t get it. Almost anything that is strong is strong because it has a strong Foundation. The Banks are not the foundation of America. The Insurance companies and the pharmaceutical companies are not it. The foundation is at the bottom of anything and everything. The lowest paid worker is the bottom. They are the foundation of the United States. The Unions, at one time grew to protect almost all workers in every capacity, and this country thrived like it never had. But when Ronald Reagan broke the Air Traffic Controllers Union strike, big business began a campaign to break them all and maximize their profits and their shareholders dividends by gradually lowering wage, not providing the Health-care covered by the Unions, and doing away with Retirement Benefits by introducing the, eventually (NOW) to become an absolute failure, 401K, placing the future of all workers in the Stock Market. This move favoring the “Corporations” resulted in such outrageous profit that the CEO came to make 7 to 10 figure salaries and other executives secured commensurate salaries. This kind of wealth bread a class of power that produced Criminal business practices rooted in pure greed. These were companies like Enron and people like Dick Cheney. Though Enron more or less got exposed, what was not seen was how widespread and well hidden these practices were in the major corporations of America. Well, we can see them now. The sad thing is, that the average American worker whose future is very questionable, is paying for all of it. That problem grows unbelievably as our bankrupt Government slips ever farther into debt to the rest of the World. They’re now spending our Grandchildren’s taxes. Still, in the long term, all of the Capitalist greed has to be paid for by the workers not their bosses.

Start at the bottom, the foundation. Raise the minimum wage. Raise it a lot. Make sure that full-time employment is always “gainful” employment. Legally protect the Unionization of workers with regulation. Socialize Health-care and get the workers healthy. If the Unions are strong they’ll then contribute to the Health-care socialization program. Fund Drug Rehabilitation and get those people out of Prison and back into the taxpaying public. Fix Social Security so that benefits increase and the age of retirement does not go up. If people are working and making reasonable pay, the Social Security tax could go up without affecting the overall income of its contributors, and they won’t mind because their Golden Years will be funded. Give the people the ability to “spend” money. If we do that, everything else will follow. Yeah, the Stock Market will have to become realistic, and shareholders will only get reasonable dividends. Executives will still be rich but they don’t need the income of an entire small community or some small countries, to live above the rest of us. They can keep their “Power-trip”! Throw out all the “pork barrel” shit and invest taxpayer money on three things that all charge the economy. First is infrastructure 101. Get our bridges and highways up out of the rubble and safe again. Second is powering our country. Wind and Solar generation need to be taken to the maximum conceivable state. They are inexhaustible. Also, there is no “clean” coal technology, abandon it. The automobile needs to become clean technology and that means fossil fuel is out of the picture. In all reality we should be able to produce electric vehicles that inevitably cost less than current internal combustion powered vehicles. We should already have a battery that meets the needs of the average American’s transportation demands, but we don’t. Why? Expand rail service nationwide and locally, with existing models as guides, including High Speed. In cities elevated and subways can be retrofitted in. Clean buses should run 24/7. Make solar power a building code inclusion for construction of new structures including private, business and public. Third and finally, we should build our foreign policy around peaceful coexistence, eliminating hunger and disease in third world countries, and including them in the world of technology with all counties included in all aspects of improving quality of life on the planet, with all things, always considering ecology and the future of the Planet. You see Mr. Television Network, Doctors, Lawyers and Chief Executive, and you safe and secure Government Employees… YOU are not only the “other America”, you are the other “World”! Most of the people on this Planet do not know what it is like to be in the upper 25%, whether American, British, Japanese, Indian, Iraqi, Israelite, or French and Spanish.

Do you realize that most American teenagers can no longer afford to go to a concert to see their favorite musicians or other performers? Tickets that cost $60 to $250 dollars are a monthly payment on a decent used car, for really a lot of people. What percentage of the people do you think ever see a play, Broadway level, or a Ballet, or a Symphony Orchestra? The American Dream has been fading for some time now. For the true majority of us buying a home as a primary financial goal has been replaced with buying a New Car, and that’s fading fast. These are the facts that brought the Stock Market into “realistic” phase. All the BS facts used for speculation have been forced to more or less call in the debts and see what’s really left given true values. 50 to 100 million people is a big number, but it’s actually not a big percentage of the population if you’re making realistic evaluation of the quality of life in our country. Even if you look at the incomes of the top 250 million citizens, it leaves a lot of people to consider. I’ll bet that 25% of the people in almost every town in the U.S. can’t afford anything that costs an extra $50 per month added to their budget!

The job situation in this country is an ominous problem for the future of our economy, and it’s beginning to look as though it is not readily solvable. Companies are down-sizing and folding, period. In folding, the jobs they provided no longer exist. They’re not coming back is what that means. My God, just exactly how many jobs have been lost and companies folded during the Bush Presidency. I think we’re talking about a historical unseen event in modern history. Neo Conservatives with their de-regulation and trickle-down economics may already have destroyed the United States, as we have known it during my lifetime. And if they have, it is in truth, a direct result of greed and selfishness at a National level. We have two choices, right now, as I see it. We can move toward socialization of essentials (spread the wealth), or… we can do as Third World countries do, and just let a lot of people starve to death and die from curable disease! I think that would actually make us a 3rd World Country, huh? “the Other America”, hah… it would be hilarious if it weren’t so frightening to hear the Majority of Americans being referred to as “the Other America”!

CounselorDave
http://www.articlesbase.com/economics-articles/the-other-america-734549.html

To get into the highly dynamic area of financial management and planning, you can start out on any of the following jobs:-
1. Financial service provider
2. Research analyst
3. Financial consultant
A person from the field of research analysis or some related field has a lot of background knowledge in accounting skills, and has a ability to attend to details, has the capability to organize and handle multiple tasks together. The ability to find out the logic behind a problem or situation is also important.

One of the main areas of responsibility for a financial service consultant or a research analyst is the monitoring of securities, trading of money and the analyzing of stock market. He/she should also have the ability to recognize trends in the stock market and generalize from it. They are also expected to rationalize the reason behind the trends and are expected to predict the time period of the trend. This helps both corporate and personal investor to make well informed decisions, both in the long term and the short term.

Another important aspect to the field of research analyst or financial service advisor involves helping clients in understanding the market and to make safe predictions. They are also expected to predict future trends. Prediction of the future trends is often vague and sometimes dangerous, but a good research analyst for sees all the important aspects of the market, has a good understanding of both the small and large issues that are likely to affect the market. With this knowledge it is possible to safely predict to a certain degree of success the future trends of the stock market.

A financial service planner or a research analyst whose work involves assisting private investors need to have ample knowledge of tax laws, changes that are likely to take place to the existing tax laws and effects of these changes on estate planning and investment. A good understanding about investments and insurances along with the skills required to help people comprehend the complexity of stock market is very much essential.

To work in the afore said field the least qualification that would be expected is a Bachelor’s degree is any of the following disciplines: Business, administration or economics. Additional requirements include knowledge of global markets and corporate finance, intimate know how of economics, analysis of risk, trading in the forex market and the commodities market.

People skills are also very much essential without which a research analyst may feel like a fish out of water. Communication is also another deciding factor and the ability to make complex things sound simple is another pre-requisite.

original word count – 449

Abhishek Agarwal
http://www.articlesbase.com/taxes-articles/how-to-become-a-successfuly-financial-service-professional-or-research-analyst-708541.html

Recently, Job Outlook conducted a survey, which revealed the fact that for a third year in succession, the demand for fresh graduates is on the rise. Owners of enterprises hired more fresh graduates in 2006 than they did in 2005. In addition, they have offered higher wages, benefits, and perks.

According to the National Association of Colleges and Employer’s annual survey, nine companies out of ten describe the current job market situation for young graduates as excellent, good or very good. Graduates are believed to have a brighter future in consulting, public accounting, construction, and engineering firms.

There are two major reasons for this recent trend; first, companies have to find someone to replace their retired HR staff and second, the number of products and services that these companies offer are on the rise.

All graduates in the field of mechanical engineering, accounting, economics and finance, information sciences and systems, computer engineering, electrical engineering, business administration and management, computer science, market and marketing management, and chemical engineering are in great demand.

Graduates in the subject of mechanical engineering head the list of graduates in great demand. Reputed aerospace, mechanical equipment, and automative companies prefer to hire them.

Banking, financial, transportation, and insurance services seek to employ economics and finance graduates. Food and beverage processing companies, financial services, and merchandisers want to hire business administration and management degree holders. About a third of business enterprises plan to hire associate graduates in technology, business, and engineering.
Engineering/surveying companies and insurance are in need of graduates who have a technical knowledge and, therefore, don’t require training in that field. Employers have observed that such graduates have an excellent work ethics and professionalism that was lacking in previous amateurs.

Only around 23.5% of the respondents, most of them being manufacturers, planned to hire international graduates in 2006.

Qualities Required in a New Graduate

Employers seek to employ fresh graduate who have:

Excellent communication skills, both spoken and written
Honesty and integrity
Ability to relate with others
Good work ethics
Ability to work in a team
Analytical skills
Self-motivation and initiative
Ability to adapt to changes
Up-to-date computer skills
Eye for details

Attractive Features of the Jobs for Fresh Graduates

The expectations and standards of companies have rocketed in the past year. It is important for new graduates to show good GPAs because full-time jobs are associated with high salaries, benefits, and perks.

Here are a list of benefits that come with the jobs:
Life and medical/dental insurance
Retirement benefits
Semi-annual and annual raises
Counseling programs for employees
Dress codes
Paid training
Commissions and bonus
Family benefits
Flexi-time
Performance updates
Sick leaves and vacations
Recreational and on-site fitness facilities
Day-care center
Company service/car

Campus job fairs, student clubs and organizations, on-the-job trainings, Internet job search engines, and so on provide ample opportunities for prospective employers and employees to meet.

Remember to target the right companies for you. Don’t let any opportunity slip between your fingers. Before you attend any interview, research the company well. During the interview find out more about the nature of the career that the company offers. Your career objective should be crystal clear, and you should know exactly what you want out of your career.

Abhishek Agarwal
http://www.articlesbase.com/careers-articles/reasons-companies-prefer-to-employ-fresh-graduates-702912.html